Maternal and congenital syphilis attributable to ethnoracial inequalities: a national record-linkage longitudinal study of 15 million births in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: This study estimated ethnoracial inequalities in maternal and congenital syphilis in Brazil, understanding race as a relational category product of a sociopolitical construct that functions as an essential tool of racism and its manifestations. METHODS: We linked routinely collected data from Jan 1, 2012 to Dec 31, 2017 to conduct a population-based study in Brazil. We estimated the attributable fraction of race (skin colour) for the entire population and specific subgroups compared with White women using adjusted logistic regression. We also obtained the attributable fraction of the intersection between two social markers (race and education) and compared it with White women with more than 12 years of education as the baseline. FINDINGS: Of 15 810 488 birth records, 144 564 women had maternal syphilis and 79 580 had congenital syphilis. If all women had the same baseline risk as White women, 35% (95% CI 34·89-36·10) of all maternal syphilis and 41% (40·49-42·09) of all congenital syphilis would have been prevented. Compared with other ethnoracial categories, these percentages were higher among Parda/Brown women (46% [45·74-47·20] of maternal syphilis and 52% [51·09-52·93] of congenital syphilis would have been prevented) and Black women (61% [60·25-61·75] of maternal syphilis and 67% [65·87-67·60] of congenital syphilis would have been prevented). If all ethnoracial groups had the same risk as White women with more than 12 years of education, 87% of all maternal syphilis and 89% of all congenital syphilis would have been prevented. INTERPRETATION: Only through effective control of maternal syphilis among populations at higher risk (eg, Black and Parda/Brown women with lower educational levels) can WHO's global health initiative to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of syphilis be made feasible. Recognising that racism and other intersecting forms of oppression affect the lives of minoritised groups and advocating for actions through the lens of intersectionality is imperative for attaining and guaranteeing health equity. Achieving health equality needs to be addressed to achieve syphilis control. Given the scale and complexity of the problem (which is unlikely to be unique to Brazil), structural issues and social markers of oppression, such as race and education, must be considered to prevent maternal and congenital syphilis and improve maternal and child outcomes globally. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, CNPq-Brazil. TRANSLATION: For the Portuguese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Suicide among Indigenous peoples in Brazil from 2000 to 2020: a descriptive study.

Background: Previous studies in Australia, Canada, and Brazil, found that suicide among ethnic minority groups is higher than in the general population. Indigenous peoples in Brazil have been reported to have a high suicide rate, with reports of suicide clusters occurring in several communities. The objective of this study was to report trends in countrywide suicide rates among Indigenous peoples in Brazil between 2000 and 2020, and to compare these with the non-Indigenous population. Methods: This ecological study used Indigenous suicide data collected from all regions of Brazil during a 21-year period, between 2000 and 2020. We used suicide estimates from the Mortality Information System (SIM), available at the Brazilian Health Ministry website (DATASUS). Suicide mortality rates by state and region were calculated using the estimated Indigenous population from the 2010 census, and estimated population proportions for the other years. We performed a trend analysis and compared trends in suicide between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous population during the period studied. Findings: Suicide rates among Indigenous Brazilians have reached more than two and a half times the levels for the overall Brazilian population in 2020 (17.57 suicide deaths versus 6.35 suicide deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively). The Central-West region of Brazil had the highest suicide rates among Indigenous Brazilians over the study period, reaching 58.8 deaths/100,000 inhabitants in 2008. The younger age group (10-24 years old) had the highest suicide rates for all the years studied. Time-series analyses showed a trend of statistically significant increases in suicide rates in Brazil for both the Indigenous and non-Indigenous population during the study period. The North region, and specifically Amazonas state, has shown a decisive increase in suicide rates among the Indigenous populations. The suicide rate for Indigenous people in Brazil, excluding cases in Amazonas and Mato Grosso do Sul states, were similar to those for the entire Brazilian population, showing that the Indigenous peoples who are the most vulnerable to suicide reside in these locations. Interpretation: While there were statistically significant increases in suicide rates for all Brazilians over the study period, they remained alarmingly high among Indigenous people, compared to their non-Indigenous counterparts. The high suicide rates among Indigenous people, and younger individuals in particular (aged between 10 and 24), reinforces the need for specific prevention strategies for these populations. Further studies should be concentrated on determining risk factors in distinct ethnic groups, specifically within regions experiencing an elevated risk, such as the states of Amazonas and Mato Grosso do Sul. Funding: Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under award number R01MH128911-01. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Estimating the real burden of gestational syphilis in Brazil, 2007-2018: a Bayesian modeling study.

Background: Although several studies have estimated gestational syphilis (GS) incidence in several countries, underreporting correction is rarely considered. This study aimed to estimate the level of under-registration and correct the GS incidence rates in the 557 Brazilian microregions. Methods: Brazilian GS notifications between 2007 and 2018 were obtained from the SINAN-Syphilis system. A cluster analysis was performed to group microregions according to the quality of GS notification. A Bayesian hierarchical Poisson regression model was applied to estimate the reporting probabilities among the clusters and to correct the associated incidence rates. Findings: We estimate that 45,196 (90%-HPD: 13,299; 79,310) GS cases were underreported in Brazil from 2007 to 2018, representing a coverage of 87.12% (90%-HPD: 79.40%; 95.83%) of registered cases, where HPD stands for the Bayesian highest posterior density credible interval. Underreporting levels differ across the country, with microregions in North and Northeast regions presenting the highest percentage of missed cases. After underreporting correction, Brazil's estimated GS incidence rate increased from 8.74 to 10.02 per 1000 live births in the same period. Interpretation: Our findings highlight disparities in the registration level and incidence rate of GS in Brazil, reflecting regional heterogeneity in the quality of syphilis surveillance, access to prenatal care, and childbirth assistance services. This study provides robust evidence to enhance national surveillance systems, guide specific policies for GS detection disease control, and potentially mitigate the harmful consequences of mother-to-child transmission. The methodology might be applied in other regions to correct disease underreporting. Funding: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development; The Bill Melinda Gates Foundation and Wellcome Trust.

A completeness indicator of gestational and congenital syphilis information in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of information on gestational syphilis (GS) and congenital syphilis (CS) on the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN-Syphilis Brazil - Notifiable Diseases Information System) by compiling and validating completeness indicators between 2007 and 2018. METHODS: Overall, care, and socioeconomic completeness scores were compiled based on selected variables, by using ad hoc weights assigned by experts. The completeness scores were analysed, considering the region and area of residence, the pregnant woman's race/colour, and the year of case notification. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to validate the scores obtained by the weighted average method, compared with the values obtained by principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS: Most selected variables presented a good or excellent degree of completeness for GS and CS, except for clinical classification, pregnant woman's level of education, partner's treatment, and child's race/colour, which were classified as poor or very poor. The overall (89.93% versus 89.69%) and socioeconomic (88.71% versus 88.24%) completeness scores for GS and CS, respectively, were classified as regular, whereas the care score (GS-90.88%, and CS-90.72%) was good, despite improvements over time. Differences in the overall, care and socioeconomic completeness scores according to region, area of residence, and ethnic-racial groups were reported for syphilis notifications. The completeness scores estimated by the weighted average method and PCA showed a strong linear correlation (> 0.90). CONCLUSION: The completeness of GS and CS notifications has been improving in recent years, highlighting the variables that form the care score, compared with the socioeconomic scores, despite differences between regions, area of residence, and ethnic-racial groups. The weighted average was a viable methodological alternative easily operationalised to estimate data completeness scores, allowing routine monitoring of the completeness of gestational and congenital syphilis records.

Corrigendum to "How, what, and why: housing, water & sanitation and wealth patterns in a cross-sectional study of the Guarani Birth Cohort, the first indigenous birth cohort in Brazil" [The Lancet Regional Health - Americas 2023;21: 100496].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100496.].

Maternal and congenital syphilis in Indigenous Peoples: a scoping review of the worldwide literature.

BACKGROUND: Syphilis is among the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. When it occurs during pregnancy, it can seriously affect the fetus and newborn`s health. The scarcity of studies on maternal and congenital syphilis in Indigenous Peoples remains an obstacle to its control in these populations. This study aimed to explore the breadth of the literature, map updated evidence, and identify knowledge gaps on maternal and congenital syphilis in Indigenous Peoples worldwide. METHODS: We conducted a Scoping review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses - Extension for Scoping Reviews. In March 2021, we collected data through a priority search on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and SciELO. RESULTS: The strategy yielded 24 studies for analysis. Data in the articles were collected from 1989 to 2020, half from 2015 onwards. Studies were in Oceania and the Americas, mainly in South America (66.7%), particularly in Brazil (50.0%). The topics assessed were Data quality related to maternal and congenital syphilis (20.8%); Diagnosis, provision, access, and use of health services (62.5%); Disease frequency and health inequities (54.2%); Determinants of maternal syphilis and congenital syphilis (20.8%); and Outcomes of maternal and congenital syphilis in the fetus (20.8%). The results show that the available literature on maternal and congenital syphilis is sparse and concentrated in some geographic areas; the frequency of these diseases in Indigenous Peoples varies but is generally higher than in the non-indigenous counterparts; the quality of surveillance data and health information systems is poor; multiple healthcare barriers exist; and the diversity of terms to identify Indigenous Peoples is a challenge to mapping scientific outputs on Indigenous Peoples' health. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal and congenital syphilis in Indigenous Peoples is a double-neglected condition and research in this area should be given the priority and encouragement it deserves globally. Reliable data and improving access to health care are needed to reduce the burden of syphilis and correctly inform policies and health services response to mitigate ethnic-racial inequalities in maternal and congenital syphilis.

How, what, and why: housing, water & sanitation and wealth patterns in a cross-sectional study of the Guarani Birth Cohort, the first Indigenous birth cohort in Brazil.

Background: Despite the importance of social determinants of health, studies on the effects of socioeconomic, sanitary, and housing conditions on Indigenous child health are scarce worldwide. This study aims to identify patterns in housing, water & sanitation, and wealth (HSW) in the first Indigenous birth cohort in Brazil-The Guarani Birth Cohort. Methods: Cross-sectional study using baseline data from The Guarani Birth Cohort. We used Multiple Correspondence Analysis and Cluster Analysis. The clusters identified were ordered in increasing degrees of access to public policies and wealth, defining the patterns of HSW. Finally, we explored the association between the patterns and one of the health outcomes, hospitalization, in the birth cohort. Findings: Three patterns were identified for housing and water & sanitation, and four for wealth status, resulting in 36 combinations of patterns (3 × 3 × 4). More than 62% of children in the cohort were found with the lowest wealth patterns. The distribution of children across patterns in one dimension was not fully determined by the other two dimensions. Statistically significant associations were found between precarious households and extreme poverty, and hospitalization. Interpretation: We observed substantial heterogeneity in the distribution of children across the 36 combinations. These findings highlight that, should the dimensions of HSW be associated with health outcomes, as seen for hospitalization, they should be considered separately in multivariable models, in order to improve the estimation of their independent effects. Funding: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brazil (CNPq); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil (Fiocruz); Research Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (FAPERJ).

Mortality in children under 5 years of age with congenital syphilis in Brazil: A nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Congenital syphilis (CS) is a major and avoidable cause of neonatal death worldwide. In this study, we aimed to estimate excess all-cause mortality in children under 5 years with CS compared to those without CS. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In this population-based cohort study, we used linked, routinely collected data from Brazil from January 2011 to December 2017. Cox survival models were adjusted for maternal region of residence, maternal age, education, material status, self-declared race and newborn sex, and year of birth and stratified according to maternal treatment status, non-treponemal titers and presence of signs and symptoms at birth. Over 7 years, a total of 20 057 013 live-born children followed up (through linkage) to 5 years of age, 93 525 were registered with CS, and 2 476 died. The all-cause mortality rate in the CS group was 7·84/1 000 person-years compared with 2·92/1 000 person-years in children without CS, crude hazard ratio (HR) = 2·41 (95% CI 2·31 to 2·50). In the fully adjusted model, the highest under-five mortality risk was observed among children with CS from untreated mothers HR = 2·82 (95% CI 2·63 to 3·02), infants with non-treponemal titer higher than 1:64 HR = 8·87 (95% CI 7·70 to 10·22), and children with signs and symptoms at birth HR = 7·10 (95% CI 6·60 to 7·63). Among children registered with CS, CS was recorded as the underlying cause of death in 33% (495/1 496) of neonatal, 11% (85/770) of postneonatal, and 2·9% (6/210) of children 1 year of age. The main limitations of this study were the use of a secondary database without additional clinical information and the potential misclassification of exposure status. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed an increased mortality risk among children with CS that goes beyond the first year of life. It also reinforces the importance of maternal treatment that infant non-treponemal titers and the presence of signs and symptoms of CS at birth are strongly associated with subsequent mortality. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Observational study.

A completeness indicator of gestational and congenital syphilis information in Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the quality of information on gestational syphilis (GS) and congenital syphilis (CS) on the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN-Syphilis Brazil - Notifiable Diseases Information System) by compiling and validating completeness indicators between 2007 and 2018. METHODS Overall, care, and socioeconomic completeness scores were compiled based on selected variables, by using ad hoc weights assigned by experts. The completeness scores were analysed, considering the region and area of residence, the pregnant woman's race/colour, and the year of case notification. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to validate the scores obtained by the weighted average method, compared with the values obtained by principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS Most selected variables presented a good or excellent degree of completeness for GS and CS, except for clinical classification, pregnant woman's level of education, partner's treatment, and child's race/colour, which were classified as poor or very poor. The overall (89.93% versus 89.69%) and socioeconomic (88.71% versus 88.24%) completeness scores for GS and CS, respectively, were classified as regular, whereas the care score (GS-90.88%, and CS-90.72%) was good, despite improvements over time. Differences in the overall, care and socioeconomic completeness scores according to region, area of residence, and ethnic-racial groups were reported for syphilis notifications. The completeness scores estimated by the weighted average method and PCA showed a strong linear correlation (> 0.90). CONCLUSION The completeness of GS and CS notifications has been improving in recent years, highlighting the variables that form the care score, compared with the socioeconomic scores, despite differences between regions, area of residence, and ethnic-racial groups. The weighted average was a viable methodological alternative easily operationalised to estimate data completeness scores, allowing routine monitoring of the completeness of gestational and congenital syphilis records.

Profile of cervical cancer screening in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil: an evaluative study, 2006-2018. / Perfil do rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul: um estudo avaliativo do período 2006-2018.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the coverage and quality of screening by the Cervical Cancer Control Program in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, between 2006 and 2018. METHODS: This was a descriptive study of the cytology screening time series among women living in Campo Grande. A descriptive analysis of the demographic characteristics of these women and the quality of the tests performed in the last five years of the period was carried out. Temporal trends were analyzed using polynomial regression models. RESULTS: 578,417 cytology tests were recorded, of which 1.8% showed pre-malignant/malignant cytological changes. There was a 48.4% reduction in the number of tests performed in the Program's target age group. Test positivity varied between 2.2% and 3.3% and the percentage of unsatisfactory samples increased. CONCLUSION: The cervical cancer screening program has weaknesses that need to be overcome, such as low coverage of the target population, growth in the number of unsatisfactory samples and a low positivity rate.

Profile of uterus cervix cancer screening in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil: an evaluative study of the period 2006-2018 / Perfil de seguimiento del cáncer de cuello uterino en Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil: un estudio evaluativo del periodo 2006- 2018 / Perfil do rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul: um estudo avaliativo do período 2006-2018

Objective: To assess the coverage and quality of screening of the cervical cancer control program in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, between 2006-2018. Methods: Descriptive study of the historical series of cytopathological screening in women living in Campo Grande. A descriptive analysis of the demographic characteristics of these women and the quality of the exams performed in the last five years of the period was carried out. Temporal trends were analyzed by polynomial regression models. Results: 578,417 cytology tests were recorded, of which 1.8% showed cytological alterations. In the target population, there was a 48.4% reduction in the number of tests performed. Positivity of the tests varied between 2.2 and 3.3 and the percentage of  unsatisfactory samples increased. Conclusion: The screening program has weaknesses that need to be overcome, such as low coverage of the target population, growth in the number of unsatisfactory samples and a low rate of positivity.

Objetivo: Evaluar la cobertura y calidad del tamizaje del programa de control de cáncer cervicouterino en Campo Grande, MS, Brasil, entre 2006-2018. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de la serie histórica de exámenes citopatológicos en mujeres de Campo Grande. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las características demográficas de las mujeres y la calidad de los exámenes realizados en los últimos cinco años del período. La tendencia temporal se analizó mediante modelos de regresión polinómica. Resultados: Se registraron 578.417 citologías, de las cuales el 1,8% mostró alteraciones citológicas. En la población objetivo del programa, hubo reducción del 48,4% en el número de pruebas realizadas. La positividad de las pruebas varió entre 2,2 y 3,3 y aumentó el porcentaje de muestras no satisfactorias. Conclusión: El programa de cribado tiene debilidades que es necesario superar, como baja cobertura de la población objetivo, crecimiento del número de muestras insatisfactorias y baja tasa de positividad.

Objetivo: Avaliar a cobertura e a qualidade do rastreamento do Programa de Controle do Câncer do Colo do Útero (PCCCU) em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, 2006-2018. Métodos: Estudo descritivo da tendência da série histórica de exames citopatológicos para rastreamento do CCU em mulheres residentes em Campo Grande. Foram descritas características demográficas das mulheres avaliadas e a qualidade dos exames realizados nos cinco últimos anos do período. Analisou-se a tendência temporal por modelos de regressão polinomiais. Resultados: Foram registradas 578.417 citologias, das quais 1,8% apresentaram alterações citológicas pré-malignas/malignas. Na faixa etária-alvo do programa, verificou-se redução de 48,4% no número de exames realizados. A positividade dos exames variou entre 2,2 e 3,3 e aumentou o percentual de amostras insatisfatórias. Conclusão: O programa de rastreamento de CCU apresenta fragilidades que necessitam ser superadas, como baixa cobertura da população-alvo, crescimento do número de amostras insatisfatórias e baixo índice de positividade.

[Ethnic and racial iniquities in infant mortality: implications of changes in recording color/race in national health information systems in Brazil]. / Iniquidades étnico-raciais na mortalidade infantil: implicações de mudanças do registro de cor/raça nos sistemas nacionais de informação em saúde no Brasil.

This descriptive study aimed to discuss the repercussions of the change in the methodology for recording the color/race variable in the Brazilian Information System on Live Births (SINASC) on infant mortality rates (IMR) according to color/race in Brazil. Annual variations were analyzed in the rates of live births and infant deaths according to color/race from 2009 to 2017. The IMR according to color/race were estimated using three strategies: (1) direct method; (2) for every year, setting the same proportions of live births by color/race as observed in 2009; and (3) for every year, setting the same proportions of deaths by color/race as observed in 2009. The strategies aimed to explore the single effect of the variations in the proportions of live births or of deaths according to color/race on the estimated IMR before and after the change in the color/race variable in the SINASC database. Between 2011 and 2012 (the year of the change in the color/race variable in SINASC), there was a sudden increase in birthdates with black, brown, and indigenous color/race, along with a reduction in birthdates with white color/race, without no corresponding variations in deaths. The increase of more socially vulnerable color/race categories in the IMR denominator resulted in the attenuation of IMR for black and indigenous infants and in an increase in the IMR for white infants and consequently an artificial reduction in iniquities in infant mortality according to color/race. The change in the color/race variable in SINASC interrupted the historical series of live births by color/race, affecting indicators that potentially depend on these data for their calculation, in this case the IMR. The resulting argument is that infant mortality rates by color/race before versus after the change in the SINASC database are distinct and noncomparable indicators.

Trata-se de estudo descritivo que teve como objetivo discutir as repercussões da mudança na metodologia de coleta da variável cor/raça no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) sobre as taxas de mortalidade infantil (TMI) segundo cor/raça no Brasil. Foram analisadas as variações anuais nas frequências de nascidos vivos e óbitos infantis por cor/raça entre 2009 e 2017. As TMI por cor/raça foram estimadas segundo três estratégias: (1) método direto; (2) fixando-se, em todos os anos, as proporções de nascidos vivos por cor/raça observadas em 2009; e (3) fixando-se, em todos os anos, as proporções de óbitos por cor/raça observadas em 2009. As estratégias visaram explorar o efeito isolado das variações nas proporções de nascidos vivos ou de óbitos por cor/raça sobre as estimativas de TMI antes e após a mudança da variável cor/raça no SINASC. De 2011 para 2012 (ano de mudança da variável cor/raça no SINASC), verificou-se súbito incremento das Declarações de Nascidos Vivos (DNV) de cor/raça preta, parda e indígena, acompanhado de redução de DNV de cor/raça branca, sem variações correspondentes nos óbitos. O incremento do denominador da TMI das categorias de cor/raça socialmente mais vulnerabilizadas resultou na atenuação das TMI de pretos e indígenas, no incremento da TMI de brancos e, consequentemente, na redução artificial das iniquidades na mortalidade infantil por cor/raça. A mudança da variável cor/raça no SINASC interrompeu a série histórica de nascidos vivos por cor/raça, afetando os indicadores que potencialmente dependem desses dados para seu cálculo, como a TMI. Argumenta-se que as TMI por cor/raça antes e após a mudança no SINASC são indicadores distintos e não comparáveis.

Estudio descriptivo que tuvo como objetivo discutir las repercusiones del cambio en la metodología de recogida de la variable color/raza en el Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC) sobre las tasas de mortalidad infantil (TMI), según color/raza en Brasil. Se analizaron las variaciones anuales en las frecuencias de nacidos vivos y óbitos infantiles por color/raza entre 2009 y 2017. Las TMI por color/raza se estimaron según tres estrategias: (1) método directo; (2) fijándose, en todos los años, las proporciones de nacidos vivos por color/raza observadas en 2009; y (3) fijándose, en todos los años, las proporciones de óbitos por color/raza observadas en 2009. Las estrategias tuvieron como objetivo explorar el efecto aislado de las variaciones en las proporciones de nacidos vivos o de óbitos por color/raza sobre las estimaciones de TMI antes y tras el cambio de la variable color/raza en el SINASC. De 2011 a 2012 (año de cambio de la variable color/raza en el SINASC), se verificó un súbito incremento de las Declaraciones de Nacidos Vivos (DNV) de color/raza negra, mestiza e indígena, acompañado de una reducción de DNV de color/raza blanca, sin variaciones correspondientes en los óbitos. El incremento del denominador de la TMI de las categorías de color/raza socialmente más vulnerabilizadas resultó en la atenuación de las TMI de negros e indígenas y en el incremento de la TMI de blancos y, consecuentemente, en la reducción artificial de las inequidades en la mortalidad infantil por color/raza. El cambio de la variable color/raza en el SINASC interrumpió la serie histórica de nacidos vivos por color/raza, afectando los indicadores que potencialmente dependen de esos datos para su cálculo, como la TMI. Se argumenta que las TMI por color/raza antes y después del cambio en el SINASC son indicadores distintos y no comparables.

Perfil do rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul: um estudo avaliativo do período 2006-2018 / Perfil de seguimiento del cáncer de cuello uterino en Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil: un estudio evaluativo del periodo 2006-2018 / Profile of cervical cancer screening in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil: an evaluative study, 2006-2018

Objetivo: Avaliar a cobertura e a qualidade do rastreamento do Programa de Controle do Câncer do Colo do Útero (PCCCU) em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, 2006-2018. Métodos: Estudo descritivo da tendência da série histórica de exames citopatológicos para rastreamento do CCU em mulheres residentes em Campo Grande. Foram descritas características demográficas das mulheres avaliadas e a qualidade dos exames realizados nos cinco últimos anos do período. Analisou-se a tendência temporal por modelos de regressão polinomiais. Resultados: Foram registradas 578.417 citologias, das quais 1,8% apresentaram alterações citológicas pré-malignas/malignas. Na faixa etária-alvo do programa, verificou-se redução de 48,4% no número de exames realizados. A positividade dos exames variou entre 2,2% e 3,3% e aumentou o percentual de amostras insatisfatórias. Conclusão: O programa de rastreamento de CCU apresenta fragilidades que necessitam ser superadas, como baixa cobertura da população-alvo, crescimento do número de amostras insatisfatórias e baixo índice de positividade.

Objetivo: Evaluar la cobertura y calidad del tamizaje del programa de control de cáncer cervicouterino en Campo Grande, MS, Brasil, entre 2006-2018. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de la serie histórica de exámenes citopatológicos en mujeres de Campo Grande. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las características demográficas de las mujeres y la calidad de los exámenes realizados en los últimos cinco años del período. La tendencia temporal se analizó mediante modelos de regresión polinómica. Resultados: Se registraron 578.417 citologías, de las cuales el 1,8% mostró alteraciones citológicas. En la población objetivo del programa, hubo reducción del 48,4% en el número de pruebas realizadas. La positividad de las pruebas varió entre 2,2% y 3,3% y aumentó el porcentaje de muestras no satisfactorias. Conclusión: El programa de cribado tiene debilidades que es necesario superar, como baja cobertura de la población objetivo, crecimiento del número de muestras insatisfactorias y baja tasa de positividad.

Objective: To assess the coverage and quality of screening by the Cervical Cancer Control Program in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, between 2006 and 2018. Methods: This was a descriptive study of the cytology screening time series among women living in Campo Grande. A descriptive analysis of the demographic characteristics of these women and the quality of the tests performed in the last five years of the period was carried out. Temporal trends were analyzed using polynomial regression models. Results: 578,417 cytology tests were recorded, of which 1.8% showed pre-malignant/malignant cytological changes. There was a 48.4% reduction in the number of tests performed in the Program's target age group. Test positivity varied between 2.2% and 3.3% and the percentage of unsatisfactory samples increased. Conclusion: The cervical cancer screening program has weaknesses that need to be overcome, such as low coverage of the target population, growth in the number of unsatisfactory samples and a low positivity rate.

Iniquidades étnico-raciais na mortalidade infantil: implicações de mudanças do registro de cor/raça nos sistemas nacionais de informação em saúde no Brasil / Ethnic and racial iniquities in infant mortality: implications of changes in recording color/race in national health information systems in Brazil / Inequidades étnico-raciales en la mortalidad infantil: implicaciones de cambios del registro de color/raza en los sistemas nacionales de información en salud en Brasil

Trata-se de estudo descritivo que teve como objetivo discutir as repercussões da mudança na metodologia de coleta da variável cor/raça no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) sobre as taxas de mortalidade infantil (TMI) segundo cor/raça no Brasil. Foram analisadas as variações anuais nas frequências de nascidos vivos e óbitos infantis por cor/raça entre 2009 e 2017. As TMI por cor/raça foram estimadas segundo três estratégias: (1) método direto; (2) fixando-se, em todos os anos, as proporções de nascidos vivos por cor/raça observadas em 2009; e (3) fixando-se, em todos os anos, as proporções de óbitos por cor/raça observadas em 2009. As estratégias visaram explorar o efeito isolado das variações nas proporções de nascidos vivos ou de óbitos por cor/raça sobre as estimativas de TMI antes e após a mudança da variável cor/raça no SINASC. De 2011 para 2012 (ano de mudança da variável cor/raça no SINASC), verificou-se súbito incremento das Declarações de Nascidos Vivos (DNV) de cor/raça preta, parda e indígena, acompanhado de redução de DNV de cor/raça branca, sem variações correspondentes nos óbitos. O incremento do denominador da TMI das categorias de cor/raça socialmente mais vulnerabilizadas resultou na atenuação das TMI de pretos e indígenas, no incremento da TMI de brancos e, consequentemente, na redução artificial das iniquidades na mortalidade infantil por cor/raça. A mudança da variável cor/raça no SINASC interrompeu a série histórica de nascidos vivos por cor/raça, afetando os indicadores que potencialmente dependem desses dados para seu cálculo, como a TMI. Argumenta-se que as TMI por cor/raça antes e após a mudança no SINASC são indicadores distintos e não comparáveis.

This descriptive study aimed to discuss the repercussions of the change in the methodology for recording the color/race variable in the Brazilian Information System on Live Births (SINASC) on infant mortality rates (IMR) according to color/race in Brazil. Annual variations were analyzed in the rates of live births and infant deaths according to color/race from 2009 to 2017. The IMR according to color/race were estimated using three strategies: (1) direct method; (2) for every year, setting the same proportions of live births by color/race as observed in 2009; and (3) for every year, setting the same proportions of deaths by color/race as observed in 2009. The strategies aimed to explore the single effect of the variations in the proportions of live births or of deaths according to color/race on the estimated IMR before and after the change in the color/race variable in the SINASC database. Between 2011 and 2012 (the year of the change in the color/race variable in SINASC), there was a sudden increase in birthdates with black, brown, and indigenous color/race, along with a reduction in birthdates with white color/race, without no corresponding variations in deaths. The increase of more socially vulnerable color/race categories in the IMR denominator resulted in the attenuation of IMR for black and indigenous infants and in an increase in the IMR for white infants and consequently an artificial reduction in iniquities in infant mortality according to color/race. The change in the color/race variable in SINASC interrupted the historical series of live births by color/race, affecting indicators that potentially depend on these data for their calculation, in this case the IMR. The resulting argument is that infant mortality rates by color/race before versus after the change in the SINASC database are distinct and noncomparable indicators.

Estudio descriptivo que tuvo como objetivo discutir las repercusiones del cambio en la metodología de recogida de la variable color/raza en el Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC) sobre las tasas de mortalidad infantil (TMI), según color/raza en Brasil. Se analizaron las variaciones anuales en las frecuencias de nacidos vivos y óbitos infantiles por color/raza entre 2009 y 2017. Las TMI por color/raza se estimaron según tres estrategias: (1) método directo; (2) fijándose, en todos los años, las proporciones de nacidos vivos por color/raza observadas en 2009; y (3) fijándose, en todos los años, las proporciones de óbitos por color/raza observadas en 2009. Las estrategias tuvieron como objetivo explorar el efecto aislado de las variaciones en las proporciones de nacidos vivos o de óbitos por color/raza sobre las estimaciones de TMI antes y tras el cambio de la variable color/raza en el SINASC. De 2011 a 2012 (año de cambio de la variable color/raza en el SINASC), se verificó un súbito incremento de las Declaraciones de Nacidos Vivos (DNV) de color/raza negra, mestiza e indígena, acompañado de una reducción de DNV de color/raza blanca, sin variaciones correspondientes en los óbitos. El incremento del denominador de la TMI de las categorías de color/raza socialmente más vulnerabilizadas resultó en la atenuación de las TMI de negros e indígenas y en el incremento de la TMI de blancos y, consecuentemente, en la reducción artificial de las inequidades en la mortalidad infantil por color/raza. El cambio de la variable color/raza en el SINASC interrumpió la serie histórica de nacidos vivos por color/raza, afectando los indicadores que potencialmente dependen de esos datos para su cálculo, como la TMI. Se argumenta que las TMI por color/raza antes y después del cambio en el SINASC son indicadores distintos y no comparables.

Birth weight of indigenous children in Brazil: results of the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition.

Birth weight is an important predictor of perinatal, infant, and preschool-age children morbimortality. However, information about indigenous children's birth weight is still scarce. This study aimed to analyze the birth weight of indigenous children based on data from the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition, Brazil (2008-2009). This is the first study to address indigenous children's birth weight based on a nationwide representative sample. Mean birth weights and the respective standard deviations were calculated according to geopolitical region, sex, type of birth, and birthplace. The chi-square test was used to analyze differences in proportions, and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests in means, considering sample design and data normality. We found no records on birth weight in the researched documents for 26.7% of the 6,128 sampled children. The mean birth weight for the 3,994 children included in the analyses was 3,201g (standard deviation - SD ± 18.6g), regardless of sex, type of birth, and birthplace. The prevalence of low birth weight was 7.6% (n = 302) and was significantly higher among girls. Boys presented significantly higher mean birth weight than girls, regardless of the geopolitical region. Low birth weight was slightly less frequent among indigenous children when compared to Brazilian children in general. Our study indicates the need to improve prenatal care and the quality of consultation records for indigenous women as a strategy to promote safe pregnancy and childbirth.

Birth weight of indigenous children in Brazil: results of the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition / Peso ao nascer de crianças indígenas no Brasil: resultados do Primeiro Inquérito Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição dos Povos Indígenas / Peso al nacer de niños indígenas en Brasil: resultados de la Primera Encuesta Nacional sobre la Salud y Nutrición de los Pueblos Indígenas

Birth weight is an important predictor of perinatal, infant, and preschool-age children morbimortality. However, information about indigenous children's birth weight is still scarce. This study aimed to analyze the birth weight of indigenous children based on data from the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition, Brazil (2008-2009). This is the first study to address indigenous children's birth weight based on a nationwide representative sample. Mean birth weights and the respective standard deviations were calculated according to geopolitical region, sex, type of birth, and birthplace. The chi-square test was used to analyze differences in proportions, and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests in means, considering sample design and data normality. We found no records on birth weight in the researched documents for 26.7% of the 6,128 sampled children. The mean birth weight for the 3,994 children included in the analyses was 3,201g (standard deviation - SD ± 18.6g), regardless of sex, type of birth, and birthplace. The prevalence of low birth weight was 7.6% (n = 302) and was significantly higher among girls. Boys presented significantly higher mean birth weight than girls, regardless of the geopolitical region. Low birth weight was slightly less frequent among indigenous children when compared to Brazilian children in general. Our study indicates the need to improve prenatal care and the quality of consultation records for indigenous women as a strategy to promote safe pregnancy and childbirth.

O peso ao nascer é um importante preditor de morbimortalidade perinatal, infantil e pré-escolar. São escassas as informações sobre o peso ao nascer das crianças indígenas no Brasil. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar o peso ao nascer das crianças indígenas, com base nos dados do Primeiro Inquérito Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição dos Povos Indígenas, Brasil (2008-2009). Este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar o peso ao nascer de crianças indígenas com base em uma amostra nacional representativa. Foram calculadas as médias e desvios-padrão de acordo com macrorregião, sexo, tipo e parto e local do parto. Foram utilizados o teste de qui-quadrado para analisar as diferenças de proporções e os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e U de Mann-Whitney para diferenças nas médias, considerando o desenho amostral do estudo e a normalidade dos dados. Para 26,7% das 6.128 crianças da amostra, não foi possível localizar qualquer registro de peso ao nascer nos documentos consultados. Entre as 3.994 crianças incluídas nas análises, o peso médio ao nascer, independentemente de sexo, tipo de parto e local do parto, foi 3.201g (desvio padrão - DP ± 18,6g). A prevalência de baixo peso ao nascer foi 7,6% (n = 302), significativamente mais alta em meninas. Os meninos apresentaram peso médio ao nascer significativamente mais alto que as meninas, independentemente de região. A frequência de baixo peso ao nascer foi ligeiramente mais baixa que nas crianças brasileiras em geral. O estudo aponta para a necessidade de melhorar a assistência pré-natal e a qualidade dos registros das consultas das mulheres indígenas, como estratégia para promover a segurança na gravidez e no parto.

El peso al nacer es un predictor importante de morbimortalidad perinatal, infantil y preescolar. La información sobre el peso al nacer de niños indígenas es escasa. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el peso al nacer de los niños indígenas, basado en datos de la Primera Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de los Pueblo Indígenas, Brasil (2008-2009). Se trata del primer estudio dirigido al peso al nacer de niños indígenas, basado en una muestra representativa nacionalmente. Las medias y las respectivas desviaciones estándar del peso al nacer se calcularon según la región geopolítica, sexo, tipo de nacimiento y localización del mismo. Se usó un test chi-cuadrado para analizar las diferencias en proporciones y las pruebas Kruskal-Wallis y de la U de Mann-Whitney para las diferencias en las medias, considerando el diseño de la muestra del estudio y normalidad de los datos. Para un 26,7% de los 6.128 niños incluidos en la muestra no fue posible localizar ningún registro de peso al nacer en los documentos investigados. De los 3.994 niños incluidos en el análisis, la media de peso al nacer, independiente del sexo, tipo de nacimiento, y lugar de nacimiento, fue 3.201g (desviación estándar - SD ± 18,6g). La prevalencia del bajo peso al nacer fue 7,6% (n = 302) y fue significativamente más alta entre niñas. Los niños presentaron significativamente una media más alta de peso al nacer que las niñas, independientemente de la región. La frecuencia del bajo peso al nacer fue ligeramente más baja que la observada en niños brasileños en general. Este estudio presenta aspectos que se necesitan mejorar en el cuidado prenatal y en la calidad de los registros de las consultas de mujeres indígenas, como una estrategia para promover un embarazo y parto seguros.

Baixo peso ao nascer, prematuridade e restrição de crescimento intra-uterino: resultados dos dados de base da primeira coorte de nascimentos indígenas no Brasil (coorte de nascimentos Guarani).

ABSTRATO: FUNDO: O baixo peso ao nascer (BPN) continua sendo um importante problema de saúde global, associado a uma série de resultados adversos de saúde ao longo da vida. As evidências sugerem que o BPN é um determinante relevante de morbidade e mortalidade em grupos indígenas, que geralmente têm acesso limitado às políticas públicas de saúde e nutrição. O conhecimento da prevalência de BPN e de suas causas subjacentes pode contribuir com etapas essenciais para a prevenção de seus efeitos sobre a saúde. O estudo teve como objetivo estimar as prevalências de BPN, prematuridade e restrição de crescimento intra-uterino (RCIU) e investigar seus determinantes na primeira coorte de nascimentos indígenas no Brasil. MéTODOS: Este estudo transversal utilizou dados de linha de base coletados da primeira coorte de nascimentos indígenas no Brasil, a Coorte de Nascimentos Guarani. O Brasil é um dos países com maior diversidade étnica do mundo, com 305 povos indígenas e 274 línguas nativas. Os Guarani são uma das cinco maiores etnias, com aldeias localizadas principalmente na região sul. Todos os nascimentos únicos de 1º de junho de 2014 a 31 de maio de 2016 foram selecionados em 63 aldeias indígenas Guarani nas regiões Sul e Sudeste. Foi realizada regressão logística múltipla hierárquica. RESULTADOS: As taxas de prevalência de BPN, prematuridade e RCIU foram 15,5, 15,6 e 5,7%, respectivamente. As chances de BPN foram menores em recém-nascidos de mães que vivem em casas de tijolo e argamassa (OR: 0,25; IC 95%: 0,07-0,84) e foram maiores em filhos de mães ≤20 anos de idade (OR: 2,4; IC 95%: 1,29-4,44) e com anemia crônica antes da gravidez (OR: 6,41; IC 95%: 1,70-24,16). A prematuridade foi estatisticamente associada ao tipo de fonte de energia para cozinhar (fogão a lenha - OR: 3,87; IC 95%: 1,71-8,78 e fogueiras - OR: 2,57; IC 95%: 1,31-5,01). RCIU foi associado à primiparidade (OR: 4,66; IC 95%: 1,68-12,95) e anemia materna crônica antes da gravidez (OR: 7,21; IC 95%: 1,29-40,38). CONCLUSõES: Idade materna, estado nutricional e paridade, condições de moradia e exposição à poluição interna foram associados com resultados perinatais na população indígena Guarani. Esses resultados indicam a necessidade de investir no acesso e melhoria da assistência pré-natal; também no fortalecimento do Subsistema de Saúde Indígena, e em ações intersetoriais para o desenvolvimento de políticas habitacionais e de saneamento e melhorias ambientais ajustadas às necessidades e conhecimentos dos povos indígenas.